Why do you need a urine test according to Zimnitsky. Indications and contraindications

Urinalysis according to Zimnitsky is an affordable method for conducting a study aimed at identification of the inflammatory process passing in the organs of the urinary system and kidneys. This analysis is able to show the function of the kidneys and determine possible failures in their work. What it shows and how to assemble it correctly, we will consider further.

The essence of the study

The purpose of the referral for such a study is to identify the correct functioning of the kidneys and, perhaps, the doctor needs exclude the presence of serious diseases flowing in the urinary system.

Blood passing through the renal vessel is filtered in the kidney, and from there it enters the urinary tract. Urine is divided into primary and secondary. The primary is formed immediately after filtration, and the secondary after reabsorption (absorption of useful nutrient compounds back into the blood).

The analysis collection technique is as follows:

1. early in the morning at six o'clock the urination is carried out in the toilet;
2. starting at nine o'clock in the morning, urine is collected at intervals of three hours;
3. Collected specimens must be stored in a refrigerator.

Thus, a person who collects an analysis according to Zimnitsky will get eight jars. If it turns out that in some of the time intervals there is simply no urge to urinate, then the container must be left in its original form - empty.

Such a container cannot be thrown away, but must be handed over to the laboratory along with other containers from other time periods.

This will help specialists work out the data better, in accordance with the established regulatory indicators.

How to collect a Zimnitsky sample from a child?

For small infants they release special containers to collect urine. Before the analysis, it is necessary to thoroughly rinse the genitals of the baby and attach the container. Periodically, it must be checked and after each emptying, drain the liquid into a container for urine.

In order for a small child not to peel off the container for collecting urine, it is recommended to attach a diaper over the container, which will be a reliable fixator for collecting urine.

Zimnitsky's test during pregnancy

Important for the expectant mother exclude the development of pyelonephritis therefore, women in position often have to take an analysis according to Zimnitsky. The principle of collecting urine is no different from the usual.

However, it is important to know that it is recommended to take samples for research in each trimester.

This will allow the expectant mother to remain calm about her health, and the doctor will be able to exclude the presence of many diseases associated with kidney function.

The norm of analysis and its interpretation

Only the attending physician should deal with the interpretation of the analysis. In this process, he takes into account other examinations of the patient and makes a diagnosis based on the overall picture.

With normal indicators, daily diuresis, that is, the amount of urine excreted in one day, should be within from 1200 to 1700 ml, sometimes deviations do not exceed 40-300 ml.

If there are decreases or vice versa increases in any direction, this often indicates a malfunction of one of the organs or the presence of a disease.

Excess liquid volume is called polyuria, for a doctor, this indicator can mean kidney failure or diabetes mellitus.

It also happens that the volume of fluid is reduced, such a pathology is called oliguria. This indicator is taken into account when the level of urine excreted during the day is less than 1500 ml. This often indicates malfunctioning of the heart and kidney failure in the last stage.

The volume per urination should be within the limit 60 to 120 milliliters if the indicator is violated, this indicates a process of disruption in the work of the kidneys.

It is important for a specialist to identify the relationship between daytime and nighttime diuresis and assess the situation. With the normal functioning of the urinary system, nighttime readings should be significantly less (see table above), if this is not the case, then there are a number of reasons for this.

For a doctor, when deciphering, the density of urine will be important, usually in the morning it is much higher than in the afternoon, if the indicator does not change over time, this may indicate serious problems with the functioning of the renal system. Normally, the density should be from 1010 to 1025 ml/l.

If the density exceeds 1035 g/l, this often indicates toxicosis with glomerulonephritis and diabetes mellitus.

Too low density is observed in diseases of heart failure at 4 stages and pyelonephritis.

While this analysis may seem difficult to collect for many patients, its accuracy has been proven for decades. That is why it is used by medical professionals all over the world.

See the rules for collecting urine according to Zimnitsky in the video:

Analysis or test according to Zimnitsky is an additional laboratory study of urine, it is quite informative and is often used in diagnosing kidney function.

The Zimnitsky test determines the ability of the kidneys to excrete and concentrate urine. This is a complex regulatory mechanism that maintains a vital balance of the liquid environment in the body. If a significant amount of fluid enters the body, then the kidneys produce more urine, with a lower specific gravity. If there is little fluid in the body, then concentrated urine is excreted, which maintains the constancy of the indicators of its liquid media.

Urinalysis according to Zimnitsky reveals:

• Total urine volume, or daily diuresis;
• Daily diuresis- the ratio of the fluid that entered the body and the excreted urine (for 12 hours);
• Night diuresis(for 12 hours);
• Specific gravity(concentration, or density of solutes) of urine in each urination.

Another indicator is daily diuresis, indicates the total amount of urine excreted by the kidneys per day. This is a very important characteristic by which one can judge the presence of problems in the excretory and cardiovascular systems. With habitual fluid intake, daily diuresis indicators differ depending on the gender and age of the patient. Significant shifts in the indicator in the direction of its increase or decrease indicate problems with the kidneys or heart in the body.

How to properly collect urine

Collection of urine according to Zimnitsky held throughout the day, at clearly marked hours.

Before each urination for analysis, the patient must perform a hygienic procedure of the external genital organs.

There are no restrictions on drinking and food regimen in the process of collecting urine. It is collected in 8 clean jars, with a volume of 200 to 500 ml. The patient keeps a record of drinking water and liquids during the day.

Urine collection is done by the hour:

• 6:00 - the first urination that does not need to be collected in a jar;
• 9:00 - the first jar;
• 12:00 -second jar, etc. until the next morning;
• 6:00 next day- the last jar.

Deciphering the analysis according to Zimnitsky

With the volume of fluid consumed 1.5-2 liters, normal indicators of the sample according to Zimnitsky are considered:

• Diuresis per day- 1500-2000 ml;
• The ratio between daily diuresis and fluid ingested - 65-80%;
• Daytime diuresis is much higher than nighttime(2/3 of the daily diuresis is taken by day diuresis and 1/3 by night);
• Specific gravity of urine- not less than 1020;
• Notable volume fluctuations and urine density in different portions throughout the day.

• nocturia- exceeding the volume of diuresis at night, over the volume of diuresis during the day (with heart failure, diabetes mellitus);
• Isohyposthenuria- instability of indicators of s.v. urine in all jars within 1009-1011; 1012-1016 (for renal pathologies);
• High w.v. urine in all jars- more than 1028 (possibly with diabetes);
• Polyuria- each of the jars has a volume exceeding 200-300 ml (impaired excretory function of the kidneys, endocrine pathologies);
• Oliguria- daily diuresis less than 500 ml (with renal and endocrine pathologies).

Urine is an important diagnostic material for studying the physiological state of the body. There are many techniques for studying it, each of which has its own characteristics. The quantitative and qualitative composition of urine changes during the day and serves as an important characteristic of various states of the body. As a rule, urine sampling for analysis is carried out in the morning, when the concentration of substances in it is the highest. Taking the material during the day occurs according to the Zimnitsky technique and in urgent (urgent) cases.

Laboratory analysis allows not only to determine its chemical composition, physical indicators of specific gravity and acidity, but also the microbiology of the sediment. At the initial stage, the researcher is interested in the organoleptic characteristics of urine: its quantity, color, smell, transparency and foaminess. The natural color of urine is light yellow to dark yellow, depending on the presence of urine pigments called urochromes. A change in the color of urine can signal a number of pathological processes in the body. For example, a violation of the metabolism of mesobilinogen in the liver leads to its sharp darkening. This effect is observed in patients with jaundice, hepatitis or obstructive processes in the bile ducts. Urine staining in the color of meat slops or a reddish color occurs with certain blood diseases and glomerulonephritis. The presence of pus in the urine indicates a bacterial infection in the urinary system. In this case, it will turn grayish-white.

In a healthy person, urine has a characteristic uric odor. A change in the direction of the unusual may give rise to suspect the development of pathology. The acetone smell indicates the presence of ketone bodies in the urine, which happens with diseases of carbohydrate metabolism. With a sharp ammonia smell, cystitis can be suspected. With intestinal infections, the causative agent of which is Escherichia coli, acquires a characteristic fecal odor.

The urine of a healthy person is transparent and has an unstable and not abundant foam. The appearance in the urine of abundant and persistent foam indicates the presence of protein, which is confirmed by laboratory tests.

Normal transparency is changed by the bacteria present in it, salts (urates, oxalates), fat, the presence of epithelial cells and impurities, blood elements.

The density and acidity of urine serve as an important diagnostic feature. Normally, the density is in the range of -1020-1024 g / l, and the pH or acidity ranges from 5.0-7.5. Of these two characteristics, the importance of the value of the specific gravity of urine should be noted. This value is quite labile, has daily changes, depends on the ambient temperature, the amount of fluid taken and a number of pathologies of the body. An increase in its density occurs with dehydration of the body, insufficient kidney function, and some endocrinological disorders. Note the list of urine samples assigned to the patient.

Clinical (general) urinalysis

It is universally prescribed by attending physicians, as it allows you to see the overall picture of the functional state of the urinary system. The method is simple and accessible.

The collection technique is simple. A sterile signed container is prepared in front of the fence, where urine will be collected. All morning urine that has accumulated overnight in the bladder is taken. 70-100 ml is sufficient for analysis. When preparing for the collection of material, a certain rule should be followed: the material should be taken into the container after the hygienic procedure. The patient properly washes the area in the area of ​​urination, in order to avoid the ingress of bacteria and other biological dirt into the material, which will lead to an incorrect study.

Such an analysis provides extensive general information about the work of the kidneys. It allows you to determine not only the density of urine, but also shows the presence of abnormal protein and glucose, ketone bodies, bilirubin and urobilinogen, the presence of epithelial cells, blood elements, bacteria and leukocytes, which is an important clinical characteristic for diagnosing a number of diseases. According to the results of a general urine test, it is possible to diagnose renal pathology and some endocrinological diseases, for example, diabetes mellitus. For a reliable result, you should not give urine after taking diuretic drugs that stain food and menstruating women.

Urine sample according to Nechiporenko

Allows you to detect the hidden process of inflammation in the kidneys. Based on this analysis, it is possible to judge cystitis, glomerunephritis, hematuria. This is a more specific analysis, in which the average portion of morning urine with a volume of 20-25 ml is of diagnostic interest. The algorithm for conducting such a test consists of the morning toilet of the relevant organs. The first and last portions of urine during urination descend into the toilet, and the median is collected in a sterile container. Of interest is the quantitative count of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and cylinders.

The analysis technique is not difficult, but has its own nuances, namely, it is not prescribed to women during menstruation, in order to avoid false results, and after diagnostic procedures on the bladder using contrast agents (cystoscopy), catheterization.

For a more complete result, on the eve of the study, medications, dyes, heavy food and physical activity, which can distort the result, should be excluded.

Urinalysis according to Zimnitsky (Zimnitsky test)

The method allows you to determine the state of the concentration and selection functions. The study of urine according to Zimnitsky allows you to find out the concentration of urine throughout the day with a normal drinking load. Its daily composition and the volume of urination may vary. In the morning it is denser, the concentration of dissolved substances in it is higher, the color is brighter and the smell is stronger.

Normally, the daily diuresis of a healthy adult is in the range of 1.5-2.0 liters.

The limits of 1010-1025 g/l are taken as normal indicators of relative density.

Considering the fact that daytime diuresis should be higher than nighttime, an interesting technique has been developed for portioned urine collection, which allows determining its density in each portion. The analysis is quite laborious, but quite informative.

The Zimnitsky urinalysis algorithm consists of several stages. Preparing to collect material. To do this, you need 8 sterile containers for collecting urine. For convenience, they are signed, indicating on each container the appropriate time at which the next portion will be collected.

It is necessary to collect urine correctly - it is recommended to start at 6:00 in the morning, (this portion is poured out) with an interval of 3 hours, respectively, the numbering of containers occurs according to the time of emptying, namely 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 3:00 6:00.

Related videos

In parallel, it is necessary to keep records of the amount of liquid and liquid food taken at this time. Urine collection should be carried out at a strictly defined time and in an appropriately signed container. The algorithm (sequence) of material collection should be strictly adhered to.

The dishes filled with material are stored closed in the refrigerator. When all portions are ready, they, along with the records, are taken to the laboratory. During the analysis, not only daily diuresis is determined, but also the volumes of urine excreted day and night are considered. The specific gravity of each portion is determined.

During normal functioning of the kidneys, the amount of urine excreted per day will be in the range of 50-80% of the volume of all the liquid drunk.

The share of daytime diuresis accounts for two-thirds, and night one-third of the total diuresis.

The density of urine of each portion is not lower than 1.013 and not higher than 1.025 g/l.

Normally, in a healthy person, an adult or a child, the volume and density of urine have daily fluctuations. Morning urine has a volume of about 300 ml and a density of 1022 g / l, by the evening the figures should decrease to 1012 g / l and 50 ml, respectively.

The main functions of the kidneys are concentration and excretion. Urine formation is a complex physical and biochemical process that includes two stages:

1. Formation of primary urine - filtration in the glomeruli
2. The formation of secondary urine, at this stage it is concentrated.

• All blood in the body is filtered under high pressure in the capillaries of the renal glomeruli. The composition of primary urine is similar to the composition of blood plasma, but without the content of proteins. The daily volume of primary urine is about 170 liters.
• Secondary or final urine is formed as a result of the reverse reabsorption of water and nutrients in the tubules. The walls of the tubules have a unique structure that allows all useful substances to diffuse back into the bloodstream. This is how secondary urine is formed. Its concentration and volume is radically different from the primary one. It lacks proteins and glucose, and an increased concentration of nitrogenous compounds is noted.

The final urine is 95% water, the remaining 5% is the dry residue, consisting of urea, uric acid, ammonia, sodium potassium salts, chlorine. 1.5-2.0 liters of it is released per day, it is more concentrated and has a characteristic smell.

Insufficient work of the kidneys at this stage of urine formation leads to a violation of the process of urine concentration, which is clinically manifested in an increase / decrease in the density of the excreted urine. This is observed in some renal pathologies, toxicosis of pregnant women, metabolic disorders, in particular carbohydrates. The Zimnitsky test will help the attending physician to understand the problem in more detail and make an accurate diagnosis.

When the results of such an analysis deviate from the norm, one can judge a disease.

Low urine density, with results below 1.012 g/l, indicates a violation of the concentrating ability of the kidneys. It is observed in chronic renal failure, exacerbation of pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, diabetes insipidus and heart failure stage 3-4. Taking diuretics can cause a decrease in the specific gravity of urine, so this should be taken into account when analyzing the results. Increasing the density of urine, with figures exceeding the norm of 1024 g / l. Occurs when protein and glucose enter the urine in exorbitant concentrations. Similar deviations will be in diabetes mellitus, chronic and acute glomerulonephritis, in which, due to impaired permeability in the renal glomeruli, large molecules of proteins and blood cells penetrate into the urine from the blood into the urine. Clinically, the urine shows an increased content of protein (proteinuria) and blood cells (hematuria) and glucose. A serious danger is hyperstenuria in toxicosis of pregnant women.

There are early and late toxicosis (gestosis). Late toxicosis poses a great danger to the health and life of a pregnant woman. The reasons for its occurrence are not fully understood. At risk are pregnant women with chronic kidney disease, overweight, which is often accompanied by high blood pressure. Too early pregnancy, as well as late, also increase the risk of such a complication of the course of pregnancy. A genetic predisposition to this problem has also been determined. Early toxicosis is observed in the early stages of 4-12 weeks.

Late occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy. First, edema appears, mainly on the hands, on the legs. These are external swellings that are noticeable. Hidden swelling of internal organs is dangerous. The weight of a pregnant woman is growing rapidly, sometimes rising to two kg per week. Gradually, blood pressure rises and the presence of protein in the urine is noted. Such women are observed and treated on an outpatient basis.

With the aggravation of symptoms, the appearance of complaints of persistent headaches, heaviness in the back of the head, cases of a sharp increase in pressure, vomiting caused by a hypertensive crisis, the progression of preeclampsia is judged. This condition requires urgent hospitalization of the patient, as there is a risk of a condition that threatens the life of the mother and the unborn child.

Observation and clinical examination of women preparing for motherhood allows you to control her condition throughout pregnancy, up to childbirth. Timely and periodic blood and urine tests will help assess the health of the expectant mother at various stages of pregnancy. Urinalysis according to Zimnitsky in this case is very relevant, as it allows you to monitor the state of the concentration and excretory function of the kidneys and determine its deviation in time.

This laboratory analysis is successfully used for diagnostics in pediatrics. An increase in urine concentration in children can be caused by developing renal failure, endocrine disease - diabetes and insufficient drinking regimen. Normally, the daytime diuresis of the child significantly exceeds the nighttime diuresis - from 50 to 75% of the total volume. The predominance of nocturnal urination indicates insufficient kidney function. Such children should be properly examined for an accurate diagnosis.

Quick page navigation

Urinalysis according to Zimnitsky is a test that allows the simplest way to evaluate several parameters of kidney performance at once.

At the same time, the study makes it possible to conduct a differential diagnosis between various diseases, both of the kidneys themselves and of other organs and systems, manifested by impaired urination.

Often this analysis is used in endocrinology, because. it is in this area that secondary lesions of the renal tissues and changes in urine most often occur. Also, they often resort to the analysis of urine according to Zimnitsky in cardiology, urology and nephrology, for the most part to control daily diuresis.

The Zimnitsky test is one of the diagnostic tests of urine, which is used to assess the excretory, concentration and dilution function of the kidneys.

Why conduct a urine test according to Zimnitsky?

The study is necessary to monitor the progression of diseases and / or the effectiveness of their treatment. Various diseases can cause changes in the properties of urine and its volume - pathologies in which the Zimnitsky test is indicated include:

• Renal failure.
• Chronic inflammatory diseases of the kidneys.
• The defeat of the pelvis - hr. pyelonephritis.
• Inflammation of the glomeruli - hr. glomerulonephritis.
• Hypertonic disease.
• Diabetes.

All these diseases, one way or another, affect the performance of the kidneys, which is reflected in the amount of urine excreted (per day) and its physicochemical properties. Because the Zimnitsky test is aimed directly at this, it will give the maximum information the doctor needs without using more dangerous research methods.

Preparation for urinalysis according to Zimnitsky

Before conducting a urine test, you should maintain a normal drinking regimen and a normal diet. It is strictly forbidden to take large volumes of liquid, because. it affects the result. All fluids should be consumed in moderation, including:

• drinking water.
• Coffee Tea.
• Soups, borscht, broths, etc.
• Means for intravenous administration - physical. solution, glucose, drugs.

Also, on the eve and on the day of the test, diuretic and antidiuretic drugs should be completely excluded.

How to collect urine according to Zimnitsky?

To conduct a full-fledged study, a full volume of the patient's urine is required for 1 day (24 hours).

The collection of analysis begins at 9 am. After waking up, the patient needs to urinate into the toilet, completely emptying the bladder. for reliability at 9:00 it should be completely empty.

Further, starting at 9 am, it is necessary to collect all the patient's urine, dividing it into 8 portions. These portions are collected over 24 hours, with an interval of 3 hours for each portion. It looks like this: 1st serving - from 9 to 12, 2nd - from 12 to 15, etc.

Each portion is collected in a separate, sterile, vacuum container (test tube), which is necessary for an accurate determination of the volume of urine excreted.

If the patient does not have an urge to urinate within 3 hours, the container remains empty. Especially for the sake of collecting urine at night, the patient does not have to get up.

After 24 hours, all 8 test tubes are sent to the laboratory, putting on each of them the portion number, the amount of urine (in milliliters), and the time interval for which it was collected. Transportation and storage temperature of the test tube: from +2°C to +24°C.

Urine collection technique

To conduct a Zimnitsky test, it is important to observe the technique of collecting urine, since its quantity and biochemical properties play a major role in this analysis.

1. Prepare a vacuum tube.
2. In a container with pre-collected urine, lower the thin end of the holder and mix it.
3. Without removing the holder from the container, rest against its bottom with a test tube.
4. Put the cap of the test tube on the holder needle without removing it from the test tube.
5. Press with a little effort so that the needle pierces the cap.
6. Gradually fill the test tube.
7. Remove the filled test tube from the holder.

Deciphering the analysis of urine according to Zimnitsky is aimed at assessing the amount of urine, the ratio of its excretion at different times of the day and determining its relative density.

Daily diuresis

Daily diuresis is the total amount of urine that a patient excretes in 24 hours. Normally it is:

• 1-2 liters - for men.
• 1-1.6 liters - in women.

The volume of single urination in a healthy person ranges from 30 to 350 ml.

Assessing the daily diuresis, the following deviations can be identified:

• Oliguria - a decrease in the volume of daily urine excreted - daily diuresis ranges from 300 to 400 ml. This manifestation occurs in such diseases - renal failure, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, hemolytic syndrome, benign and malignant neoplasms.
• Polyuria - an increase in daily diuresis over 2 liters. This phenomenon occurs with such pathologies - diabetes and diabetes insipidus, primary inflammation of the parathyroid glands, primary hyperaldosteronism.
• Anuria - a sharp and strong decrease in diuresis, below 300 ml per day. It occurs in the same diseases as oligoruria, but already in the later stages of development.

When assessing daily diuresis, one should also focus on the amount of fluid drunk by the patient. Normally, the amount of urine excreted should be 65-75% of the volume drunk.

The ratio of daytime and nighttime diuresis

Normally, the share of daily diuresis is from 2/3 to ¾ of the daily diuresis. By determining this ratio, you can detect such a symptom as nocturia.
Nocturia is an increase in nocturnal diuresis, in which the patient excretes as much or even more urine at night than during the day.

The occurrence of this symptom indicates a decrease in the concentration of urine by the kidneys, and only in rare cases occurs as a manifestation of other diseases, for example, diabetes mellitus.

Relative density of urine

The specific gravity of urine is the amount of substances dissolved in it, mainly salts and urea. The physiological norm ranges from 1006 to 1026 during the day, while in the morning this figure is much higher than in the evening and at night.

Changes in the specific gravity of urine and its daily fluctuation can be characterized by the following symptoms:

• Hypostenuria - a decrease in the specific gravity of urine in all portions below 1010-1012. The specific gravity of blood plasma is higher than that of urine. Occurs with such diseases - chronic kidney failure, pyelonephritis, diabetes insipidus.
• Isosthenuria - a decrease in the amplitude of fluctuations in the density of urine during the day and night (within 1010-1015). This manifestation occurs in renal failure.
• Hypoisostenuria is a combination of low relative density of urine with the absence of its daily fluctuations. The value of the specific gravity throughout the day is 1008-1010. Occurs in severe renal failure.
• Hyperstenuria - an increase in the density of urine over 1024-1026. At the same time, the density of urine is higher than the density of blood plasma. It occurs with such pathologies - diabetes mellitus, glomerulonephritis,.

The Zimnitsky test is a simple method for studying many diseases that are manifested by changes in the volume and relative density of urine. In this case, the patient is only required to comply with the rules for collecting urine in a test tube, which makes the method very common in medical practice.

Not always a general urine test can provide complete information about the patient's health, the functioning of the kidneys and organs of the urinary system. The lack of additional information and a complete picture complicates the process of making a diagnosis. In this case, he appoints additional laboratory tests, one of which is a urine sample according to Zimnitsky. Such an examination is carried out in some cases, and in order to obtain reliable information, it is worth following all the recommendations during the test.

Urinalysis according to Zimnitsky is a laboratory study of biological material that allows you to evaluate the functioning of the kidneys. In particular, the test makes it possible to determine the density, volume and distribution of urine during the day. The ability to obtain so much useful information allows you to make a diagnosis with complete accuracy and choose the most effective treatment.

Indications for a urine test according to Zimnitsky:

• Suspicions of chronic or.
• or suspicion of its presence.
• Presence of signs.
• Hypertonic disease.

How to collect urine for analysis according to Zimnitsky

To obtain the necessary information, it is important to correctly collect the analysis, what needs to be done during the day. To collect biological material, it is worth preparing 8 sterile jars in advance (that is how many portions of urine you need to collect and take to the laboratory), an alarm clock (material sampling should be carried out on time), a notebook and a pen (to record the amount of fluid entering the body - this will allow you to evaluate the difference between water inlet and outlet).

To collect urine at 6.00 it is worth emptying the bladder, but urine does not need to be collected. Then it is worth going to the toilet every three hours, starting at 9.00 am, collecting urine in sterile containers. After taking the material, the jars should be tightly closed and stored in a cool place.

After collecting the last urine (at 6.00 the next day), it is worth taking all the containers to the laboratory for testing. It is important not to forget to give a sheet with records of the liquid you have drunk.

Deciphering a urine sample according to Zimnitsky

Urine samples according to Zimnitsky allow you to determine the concentration of dissolved substances, which is reflected in its color, smell and density.

Normal indicators:

• Daily volume - 1500-2000 ml.
• The ratio of consumed and excreted fluid should be 60-80%.
• Daytime urine output is 2/3 of the total, at night - 1/3.
• The density of urine in one container is 1020 g / l, and in all containers the average is 1035 g / l.

Deviation of the density of urine from the norm.
Hypostenuria- reduced urine density (less than 1012 g / l) is diagnosed in the presence of such pathological conditions: renal failure, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, hydronephrosis, heart failure.

Hyperstenuria- excessively high urine density, which exceeds 1035 g / l. This condition is observed in diabetes mellitus, acute glomerulonephritis or in its chronic form, during pregnancy toxicosis.

Deviation from the norm of the volume of daily urine.
Polyuria- the volume of excreted fluid exceeds 2000 ml or more than 80% of the daily intake. This is observed in diabetes of the first or second type, as well as in renal failure.

Olinuria- insufficient amount of urine excreted per day (less than 1500 ml) or less than 60% in relation to the fluid consumed. This pathology is observed in heart failure, impaired renal function.

nocturia- more urine output at night, which occurs when the concentration ability of the kidneys is impaired or if there are problems with the functioning of the heart muscle.

Conducting a urine test according to Zimnitsky allows you to correctly diagnose and determine the disease. Competent preparation and correct collection of biological material allows you to obtain reliable information about the patient's health status.