Spiritually theoretical activity examples. Spiritual-theoretical, spiritual-practical activity

As you know, a person has strength not only physical, but also spiritual. The one that impels him to action and directs him towards goals is manifested in convictions and dreams, in fearlessness and determination. It is thanks to her that not only material, but also spiritual activity of a person arises.

Sometimes only endless inner self-digging and the search for secret meanings and truths are mistaken for it. But spiritual activity cannot be understood so narrowly; it is also aimed at creation and creativity. It is wrong to think that the work of the spirit is always hidden in the minds and consciousness of people - this is not so. It is widely manifested in public life, since it gives rise to its main values ​​- moral, ethical, religious and aesthetic.

Types and forms of human spiritual activity

There are two main types of spiritual activity of people: spiritual-theoretical and spiritual-practical.

As a result of the first type of activity, new theories and thoughts arise, ideas are created. They become the spiritual heritage and values ​​of mankind. They are clothed in the form of a literary composition or scientific work, sculptural and architectural structures, musical works and paintings, feature films and television programs. Whatever the form, it always carries the idea laid down by the author, his view and assessment of events, phenomena, actions.

Spiritual and practical activity is aimed at preserving and studying, understanding the created values. Comprehending them, people change their own worldview and consciousness, enrich their inner world - this is how the creations of thinkers, artists and scientists influence them.

To preserve and disseminate spiritual values, humanity uses museums, libraries and archives, educational institutions and the media. Thanks to their existence, various fields of knowledge and achievements - historical, artistic, technical, literary, scientific - are replenished and transmitted from one generation to another.

Spiritual needs of man

The peculiarity of spiritual activity is in the manifestation of the highest motives and aspirations of a person. Everyone has different needs, among which there are material - necessary to maintain life, social - important for the existence of society, and spiritual - a manifestation of the highest form of consciousness. It is they who cause a thirst for knowledge and discoveries in a person. It is because of them that people strive to see and create beauty around, to empathize and love, to create and help.

Some spiritual needs encourage them to create something new, useful to people. Moreover, the creators themselves do this for themselves: this is how they reveal their talents, realize their abilities. After all, self-realization is also one of the highest needs, which directs the spiritual activity of the individual. By expressing themselves, thinkers, poets and artists satisfy their need for self-expression, in an effort to convey their idea to people.

Those who accept this idea are consumers of spiritual values. They also have a spiritual need - in painting and music, poetry and knowledge. They empathize with the creativity of the creator and comprehend the idea laid down by him. And sometimes it happens that a long time passes between the creation of a spiritual product and its consumption. It is not always that a writer immediately finds his reader, and a teacher does not always find his student. Sometimes this gap is measured not in years, but in centuries, after which the spiritual activity of creating values ​​is eventually combined with their spiritual consumption - recognition and preservation.

But this happens because high motives, desires and aspirations live in a person. They nourish and enrich it, inspire and make it better.

In our time, the spiritual life is seen as two concepts. Firstly, it is the main process of the existence of society, including many social moments. For a normal existence, people must engage in material and production activities. But they also cannot but include a spiritual type of activity in their lives, satisfying the needs in this area and receiving all the knowledge necessary for this. Society lives spiritually and materially. These areas of activity affect the social existence of a person.

There are the following types of activity - practical, and spiritual - theoretical. The latter type of activity creates new theories and thoughts, implements ideas. As a result, they become very valuable and are the spiritual heritage of society. They can take any form: a literary work, a scientific treatise, an object of painting. Theoretical types of spiritual activity are characterized by the fact that whatever the form of their manifestation, they will always carry the idea invented by the author and his views on the world and the surrounding reality.

What is practical activity

Practical types of spiritual activity are aimed at studying, understanding and preserving the acquired knowledge and values. In the process of learning, society changes its own worldview and is enlightened through the work of musicians, artists, thinkers and literary geniuses. Museums, archives, libraries, galleries are created to preserve the acquired knowledge. With the help of them, spiritual values ​​are passed on from generation to generation.

Why spiritual activity is necessary

The main goal, to which the types of spiritual activity are directed, is the desire of people to improve. Society has different needs. The main ones are considered to be material, which means the means necessary for the existence of a person, social - a means of developing a person in society, and spiritual - a way of self-improvement. They evoke in people a love for beauty, as a result of which people strive to make discoveries for themselves and see beauty in everything. Most of them begin to create something new that people need. Moreover, the creator does this primarily for himself, as he is able to realize his ideas and reveal talents.

Spiritual activity is now needed

People who accept these creations are consumers of spiritual values. They need such spiritual needs as: painting, music, poetry and knowledge in various fields. Therefore, we can safely say that the types of spiritual activity are currently very important for the development of society. And in no case should you forget about them, as this can lead to unpredictable situations. And it is unlikely that a person will be able to live long without spiritual rest, which can help relieve emotional tension.

The lessons open the topic "Activity and the spiritual world of man" and create the basis for subsequent lessons on this topic, as well as for the topic "Spiritual values ​​of modern civilization", which is studied at the end of the course "Man and Society".

The purpose of the lessons is to give an idea about the various types of activities in the spiritual sphere, its differences from activities in the sphere of material production. This sub-topic is designed to reveal the high value of spiritual activity, its significance for society and every person.

For these lessons, students are invited to repeat § 3 “Motives of activity” and § 4 (texts entitled “Types of activity” and “Creative activity”). It is also advisable to coordinate the work on this subtopic with a teacher of literature.

Plan for learning new material

1. Essence and types of spiritual activity.

2. Spiritual production.

3. Preservation and dissemination of spiritual values:

a) the role of museums in the preservation and dissemination of spiritual values;

b) the role of libraries;

c) the role of archives;

d) the role of the school;

e) the role of the media.

4. Spiritual consumption:

a) features of spiritual consumption;

b) spiritual consumption and spiritual needs of a person.

The manual will help the teacher prepare for the lessons: Man and Society / Ed. V. I. Kuptsova. - Prince. 2. Spheres of public life. - M., 1993. - Sec. 3. The life of science, 4. The world of art, 5. Religion in the history of society. It is useful to draw material from study guides for students: Malyshevsky A. F. Man's world. - M., 1997. - § 15; Gurevich P. S. Human. - M., 1995. - Theme VIII. These manuals can be addressed to students who have shown an increased interest in the topic.

Material on the subtopic under study can also be found in the book: Social Philosophy / Ed. V. N. Lavrinenko. - M., 1995. - Ch. 7, § 7. Social nature and content of spiritual life.

In the course of work, it is advisable to use: School Philosophical Dictionary / Ed. A. F. Malyshevsky. - M., 1995; Gurevich P. S. Philosophical Dictionary. - M., 1997; Dictionary-reference book "Man and society". Philosophy / Comp. I. D. Korotets and others - Rostov-on-Don; M., 1996.

1 . At the beginning of the lesson, the concepts of "spiritual life", "spiritual activity" are considered. For this purpose, it is useful to refer to the School Philosophical Dictionary. Students are invited to find the article “Soul and Spirit” in it and pay attention to their characterization as philosophical concepts denoting two layers of “the ideality of the world, two stages of its involvement in consciousness, most fully embodied in man”. The soul is defined here as "the totality of the mental characteristics of the individual, of everything that happens in us." The spiritual, on the other hand, is not reduced only to the individual, but constitutes a special sphere of reality, which is characterized by specific manifestations of the spirit - language, morality, ideology, politics, religion, art, philosophy. The highest values ​​of human existence - freedom, love, creativity, faith - also belong to the spiritual. Interesting work can be done with P. S. Gurevich’s “Philosophical Dictionary”, which gives a definition of the concept of “spirit”, opinions of thinkers about it, as well as questions and assignments.

Students are invited to recall the content of spiritual activity (§ 4). Cognitive, value-oriented and prognostic activity, called by students, is one of the options for classifying the types of spiritual activity.

§ 13 presents another version of the classification of types of spiritual activity. The subsequent study of the subtopic is carried out in accordance with this classification.

2 . Consideration of spiritual production is carried out by comparing it with the material. It is advisable to start with the questions: 1. What is creative activity? 2. What are its features?

A brief but incomplete formula needs explanation: spiritual production is the production of ideas, and material production is the production of things. Above in the textbook, a more complete list of products of spiritual production is given; in addition to ideas, they also include theories, norms, ideals, images that can take the form of scientific, philosophical, artistic works. In other words, spiritual production is scientific and artistic creativity, philosophy, i.e., the creation of scientific knowledge, artistic images, and philosophical ideas.

The differences and connection between material and spiritual production are revealed on the basis of the text of the textbook.

Students may be asked to do the following:

The collection of selected works by A. S. Pushkin was released in two versions: the first - in mass circulation, the second - in a small edition as a gift edition. The composition of the works included in them is the same. However, in the second version, the price of one book is four times higher than in the first. What does it say? What do you think is the difference between one version of the edition and the other that caused the difference in price?

Obviously, the significance of spiritual values, the works themselves included in the collection, is unchanged. The difference, most likely, is in the material carriers of ideas and images created by the poet. Paper, paints, binding, design can vary significantly, but this is a product of mainly material production (you should consider the possibility of including illustrations and other design elements of the book in the deluxe edition, which in themselves are a product of spiritual production - the artist's creativity).

The need for professional training of writers, artists, actors, musicians can be illustrated by the existence of professional educational institutions. Thus, the Academy of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture operates in Moscow; Academy of Choral Art; All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography. S. A. Gerasimova; Higher Theater School. M. S. Shchepkina; Higher School-Studio at the Moscow Art Theater. A.P. Chekhov; Literary Institute. A. M. Gorky; Moscow State Conservatory. P. I. Tchaikovsky; Moscow State Choreographic Institute; Moscow State Art Institute. V. I. Surikov; Russian Academy of Music. Gnesins and others.

As for scientists and philosophers, students are well aware that productive activity in these areas is impossible without higher professional education.

It is also desirable to show another feature of spiritual creativity - the satisfaction of not only the social need for a particular work, but also the author's inner need for self-expression, the realization of his abilities.

It is known that each actor interprets the image in his own way, and completely different sides of the play are revealed to the viewer. So, in S. Prokofiev's ballet, Galina Ulanova interpreted the image of Cinderella in a lyrical and dramatic vein, conveying all the hopelessness, the tragedy of her heroine's situation. In the performance of Olga Lepeshinskaya, the image of Cinderella acquired lighter, more cheerful tones, corresponding to the creative personality of this ballerina.

One cannot confuse the creative manners of Rembrandt, V. I. Surikov, I. E. Repin, M. A. Vrubel, I. I. Levitan, A. A. Plastov and others. The great skill of famous artists is manifested in a special creative manner.

Whatever works of artistic creativity we take, they are always warmed by individual experiences, feelings, thoughts; they always embody the inner world of a person, although in many cases feelings and thoughts are not a direct projection of the author's "I".

You can use the appropriate statements of thinkers in the lesson. So, L. N. Tolstoy wrote: “You say that Dostoevsky described himself in his heroes, imagining that all people are like that. And so what! The result is that even in these exceptional faces, not only we, people related to him, but foreigners recognize themselves, their souls. The deeper one scoops, the more common and familiar to everyone - not only in artistic, but also in scientific philosophical writings, no matter how hard he tries to be objective - let Kant, let Spinoza - we see, I see only the soul, mind, character the person who writes" Tolstoy L.N. Letter to Strakhov, September 3, 1892).

It is appropriate to recall the quatrain of A. Tvardovsky:

The teacher will draw students' attention to the last line, which reflects the author's desire to express precisely his own mood. At the lesson, it is advisable to discuss task 2 to § 13 of the textbook.

Consideration of the second question of the plan ends with the reading of the last paragraph in the text entitled "Spiritual Production". This text, as it were, throws a bridge to the next point of the plan.

3 . The study of the question of the preservation and dissemination of spiritual values ​​can be organized in three ways.

Option 1 involves the early preparation by interested students of small messages (3-5 minutes) on the topic "The role of museums in the preservation and dissemination of spiritual values", the same - about the role of libraries, archives, schools, and the media. These messages are heard in class.

Option 2. Independent reading of the text of the textbook entitled "Preservation and dissemination of spiritual values", filling in the table in the notebook with the same name in the following form:

Option 3. The presentation of the material by the teacher himself with an emphasis on the characteristics of the types of activities for the preservation and dissemination of spiritual values. In the course of this work, the implementation of tasks 7, 10, 11 to § 13 of the textbook is organized.

Students learn that the first museum collections originated in ancient Greece. In Russia, the first public museum was opened at the beginning of the 18th century. Today there are a large number of museums, the variety of which is noted in the textbook.

As an example, it is advisable to cite the museum closest to the school. Students are invited to answer the following questions: 1. Have they visited this museum? 2. What is the content of this museum?

An example of a large museum is the Museum of Fine Arts. A. S. Pushkin in Moscow, created in 1912. His collection ranks second after the Hermitage. These are several hundred thousand works of art, including works by the great masters Rembrandt, Rubens, P. Cezanne, O. Renoir, P. Picasso and others. Among the values ​​of the museum is a collection of French paintings of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is one of the richest in the world. The museum houses numerous archaeological finds.

The museum is doing a lot of scientific work, restoration of cultural monuments, many excursions are held in it every day, lectures are given.

A big event was the opening in Moscow in 1997 after a 10-year renovation of the State Historical Museum.

Libraries familiar to every student. It is desirable to focus on the content of the librarian's work.

Archives, unlike libraries and museums, are institutions with which students are not familiar. Describing the archives, the teacher will note that archivist is a custodian of archival documents, an employee of the archive. The work of an archivist requires a wide range of knowledge, and in particular in the field of archival science- a complex discipline that studies the history, organization, theory and practice of archives in the field of accounting, description, and preservation of documents.

Of particular importance is the discussion in the lesson about school and teacher activities. The functions of the school can be disclosed based on the "Law on Education".

The activities of the teacher found comprehensive coverage in the book: Teacher. Articles. Documentation. Pedagogical search. Memories. Literature pages / Ed.-sost. D. Brudny. - M., 1991. Using the collection will reveal the importance of pedagogical activity in the formation of the spiritual world of a young person.

In the lesson, you can use, for example, the following judgments of K. D. Ushinsky: “Of course, not every practical teacher should be a scientist and a deep psychologist, move science forward and contribute to the creation, testing in practice and direction of a psychological system: this duty lies in general with educators, because this is the only class of people for whose practical activity the study of the spiritual side of man is as necessary as for the physician the study of the bodily. But every practical teacher can and should be demanded that he conscientiously and consciously fulfill his duty and, taking up the education of the spiritual side of a person, use all means in his power to get to know, as closely as possible, the subject of activity of his whole life .. ."

Students can be asked to analyze the structure of the teacher's activity according to the studied general formula: goal - means - actions aimed at achieving the goal - result. In this regard, it should be recalled that the student is not only an object of the teacher's activity, but also an active subject of the educational process (the guys were asked to analyze the student's activity when studying § 3). Learning outcomes, therefore, are the result of a combination of two activities: the pedagogical activity of the teacher and the learning activity of the student.

It is advisable to at least mention various cultural institutions in the lesson, and above all the theater. As the Italian playwright C. Gozzi said, “we must never forget that the theater stage serves as a public school.” Newspapers, magazines, radio and television also contribute to the spread of spiritual values. Millions of people listen to music on the radio, watch films and performances on television, get acquainted with the thoughts of scientists, cultural figures and other specialists. True, the media do not always disseminate genuine spiritual values. In this regard, great hopes are pinned on the Kultura TV channel, organized in 1997. In addition to the institutions and organizations that disseminate spiritual values, which are named in the textbook, the Church should be named. She makes a significant contribution to the spiritual life of society, preaching faith, love, morality.

This will be discussed in the study of § 46 "Religion in the modern world."

4 . The study of the question of spiritual consumption begins with consideration of spiritual needs. Students are asked the question: what role do needs play in the motives of activity? (To answer the question, the guys must remember the material of § 3 “Motives of activity”.)

Then spiritual needs are characterized. This can be done on the basis of the text of § 13 of the textbook or on the basis of the section "Human Needs" in P. S. Gurevich's manual "Man" (topic VI). This text can be recommended to students interested in this subtopic.

Spiritual needs are the internal motivations of a person for spiritual creativity, for the creation of spiritual values ​​and for their consumption, for spiritual communication.

A generalized description of spiritual needs is contained in the “Psychological Dictionary”: “The category of“ spirituality ”corresponds to the need for knowledge - the world, oneself, the meaning and purpose of one's life. A person is spiritual to the extent that he thinks about these questions and seeks to get an answer to them ”(Psychology: Dictionary / Edited by A. V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. - M., 1990. - P. 112 ).

The relationship of spiritual needs with spiritual production and dissemination of spiritual values ​​and their consumption can be reflected in the diagram:

The diagram shows links that require explanation:

1, 2. Spiritual needs stimulate the production and dissemination of spiritual values.

3. The spread of spiritual values ​​allows you to satisfy spiritual needs through the consumption of spiritual values.

4, 5. The production and dissemination of spiritual values ​​gives rise to new spiritual needs.

6. Spiritual consumption stimulates the emergence of new needs.

7, 8 are obvious, and students explain them on their own.

Then the features of the consumption of spiritual values ​​and its differences from the consumption of material goods are considered.

First Feature, disclosed in the textbook: "Spiritual values ​​that are the subject of consumption, in the process of satisfying spiritual needs do not disappear, but enrich the spiritual world of a person, become his belonging." The argument for this statement is given in the textbook.

Additional arguments are needed to justify second feature, the essence of which is that the process of spiritual consumption is, to a certain extent, the process of spiritual production, and the consumption of spiritual values ​​depends primarily on the subject of this activity, on his requests. The substantiation of these statements requires taking into account the specifics of such products of spiritual creativity as literature and art, namely:

1. The attractiveness of a work of art can lead to the fact that a person perceives and experiences aesthetically positively not only a socially positive, but also a socially negative phenomenon (often scenes of violence in an entertaining film are perceived this way). It depends on the level of intellectual, moral, aesthetic development of the individual, on his social orientation.

2. Art uses various means of conventionality - signs, symbols, various forms that generalize artistic information; it has an element of understatement. A person who perceives a work of art must take something upon himself. The comprehension and experience of the perceived and in this case depends on the development of the personality.

3. The perception of art is of an associative nature, that is, it gives rise to various associations. Works of art are necessarily compared with personal experience, and this comparison is not only logical, but also emotional and sensual. The associative nature of the impact of art is directly dependent on the previous experience of a person, on the level of his education and upbringing. A high cultural level, life experience, interest in humanitarian problems and a tendency to reflect in this area, knowledge of various artistic movements - the richness and meaningful associativity of the fund depend on this.

A full-fledged perception of art and literature is impossible if a person does not master the methods of "decoding" to a certain extent: he must understand the peculiarities of the language of art, ways of artistic reflection of reality (see: Safronov V.F. Aesthetic consciousness and the spiritual world of the individual. - M., 1984. - S. 78-88; Problems of Sociology and Psychology of Reading / Ed. E. G. Khrastetsky. - M., 1975. - S. 130-161).

Students can be asked to:

What features of the consumption of spiritual values ​​are reflected in proverbs?

A mind without a book is like a bird without wings.

Looks at the book, but sees a fig.

Good book, bad reader.

A book is a book, but move your mind.

Who reads a lot knows a lot.

It is advisable to interpret each proverb.

It is also advisable to discuss assignments 5 and 12 to § 13 of the textbook.

At the end of the lesson, students are invited to read the last paragraph of § 13, paying attention to the final phrase.

In the course of homework on the text of § 13, tasks 1, 4, 9 are completed.

If we consider spiritual activity, we can distinguish two types:

1. Spiritual and political activity (production of spiritual values, thoughts, works of art).

2. Spiritual and practical activity (preservation, reproduction, dissemination of spiritual values).

Spiritual production is connected with material production. Firstly, paper, paints, musical instruments are a necessary condition for spiritual production. Spiritual production is carried out by a certain group of people, professionals. But along with them, many people join spiritual activities (amateur performances, chanson, etc.).

SO: spiritual production is the activity of people to create spiritual values, the purpose of which is to satisfy the spiritual needs of a person, the impact on his consciousness. As a result, the growth of spiritual culture is observed.

Spiritual values ​​can be lost and then they will not have any impact on the consciousness of people (1932, the destruction of the "Temple of Christ the Savior", as humanity would have become impoverished without the works of antiquity, the Egyptian pyramids, Andrei Rublev, etc.).

Who contributes to the preservation of spiritual values? This:

1. Museums (there are 12 thousand museums all over the world). They are diverse in profile: historical, artistic, literary, technical, open-air museums, etc.

2. Libraries (the first library was created in the 7th century BC) - named after Lenin in Moscow (44 million units in 247 languages ​​of the world).

3. Archives - intended for scientific research. There are both small and giant archives.

The Egyptians called museums, libraries and archives “houses of life”.

Movies, theatrical performances, television programs are called national property. The most important human need is the need for knowledge. Aristotle said - "All people by nature strive for knowledge." Another spiritual human need is aesthetic. Feeling deeply poetry, music, painting - these are the facets of an aesthetic need. Another need is the need for communication. Moral support, attention to each other, sympathy, joint creativity - a manifestation of the need for communication.

Material goods exist in time (clothing wears out), spiritual values ​​are passed on from generation to generation. The most common means of familiarizing with spiritual values ​​are books, radio, and television. Reading is the most important kind of spiritual consumption. D. Diderot said - "people stop thinking when they stop reading." Recently, the consumption of culture at home has increased (personal libraries, video materials).

So: the spiritual activity of people is diverse. Each person has a wide choice of its forms and types. And on what values ​​a person prefers, what he himself largely depends on.